Some of the factors that have an affect on climate, like volcanic eruptions and changes in the amount of solar energy, are natural. Others, like the addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, are caused by humans. Some of the main ones are listed below.
The Sun Affects Climate
Climate can change if there is a
change in the amount of solar energy that gets to Earth. Changes to the cycle
of solar activity, called the 11-year
solar cycle, can cause a small impact on climate, too small to be the cause
of recent climate change. Over thousands of years, changes in the
way Earth orbits the Sun can cause large changes in climate.
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Heat from the Sun supplies our planet with much-needed warmth. But
over the past 150 years more heat has been retained by Earth as the amount
of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has grown |
Volcanic Eruptions Affect Climate
When volcanoes
erupt they spew more than hot red lava and ash. They
release tiny particles
made of sulfur
dioxide into the atmosphere too. These particles get into the stratosphere
and reflect solar radiation back out to space. This causes cooling. The cooling
is temporary, lasting usually a year or two.
Greenhouse Gases Affect Climate
Greenhouse
gases have a strong affect on climate. These gases trap heat through a
process called the greenhouse
effect. While greenhouse
gases are a natural part of the atmosphere, the amount has increased over
the past 150 years as fossil fuels have been burned and the amount of forests,
which naturally take up the greenhouse gas carbon
dioxide during photosynthesis,
has shrunk.
Snow and Ice Affect Climate
Because the snow and ice of
the cryosphere
are light in color, they have a large albedo – the
ability to reflect most solar radiation back out to space. When
snow and ice melt as Earth’s climate warms, less energy is reflected and
this causes even more warming.
There are also other aspects of our planet that have an impact on climate too. Scientists are studying the impact of clouds and the impact of aerosols on climate. Scientist are studying the oceans too because melting Arctic sea ice could change ocean circulation, causing regional climate to change.
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